{"id":3548,"date":"2021-03-16T11:39:36","date_gmt":"2021-03-16T11:39:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/bjmures.gheorghita.net\/?page_id=3548"},"modified":"2023-11-28T10:38:34","modified_gmt":"2023-11-28T07:38:34","slug":"cartea-veche-romaneasca","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bjmures.ro\/hu\/colectii-biblioteca-judeteana-mures\/cartea-veche-romaneasca\/","title":{"rendered":"Cartea veche rom\u00e2neasc\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Biblioteca Jude\u021bean\u0103 Mure\u0219 - Cartea veche rom\u00e2neasc\u0103<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Cartea Veche - Apostolul Bucuresti 1683<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Dimitrie Popt\u0103ma\u015f
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Az oldal ford\u00edt\u00e1sa folyamatban\u00a0van<\/em><\/h6>\n

Pentru a reconstitui via\u0163a spiritual\u0103 a popula\u0163iei din jude\u0163ul Mure\u015f, prezen\u0163a \u015fi circula\u0163ia vechilor tip\u0103rituri rom\u00e2ne\u015fti pe parcursul a mai bine de trei secole (1508-1830), sunt necesare c\u00e2teva preciz\u0103ri de ordin istoric \u015fi cultural. \u00cen pofida opreli\u015ftilor \u015fi oprim\u0103rilor politice \u015fi sociale, rom\u00e2nii de aici au continuat s\u0103 aib\u0103 o permanent\u0103 \u015fi sus\u0163inut\u0103 cultur\u0103 spiritual\u0103, care i-a alimentat mereu con\u015ftiin\u0163a originii comune de limb\u0103 \u015fi neam.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Contactul ne\u00eentrerupt al vie\u0163ii culturale din Transilvania cu cea din \u0162ara Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 \u015fi Moldova, necontenitele schimburi de valori culturale redau f\u0103r\u0103 alte m\u0103rturii existen\u0163a \u015fi permanen\u0163a sentimentului rom\u00e2nesc, cu nimic mai prejos dec\u00e2t \u00een zonele compacte rom\u00e2ne\u015fti.<\/p>

Cartea rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 s-a bucurat \u015fi aici de pre\u0163uire \u00een epocile de \u00eenflorire a tiparului, a\u015fa cum a cuprins toate zonele locuite de rom\u00e2ni. Nimic nu fixeaz\u0103 mai pregnant ideea originii comune, a comunit\u0103\u0163ii de limb\u0103 \u015fi interese ca tip\u0103riturile vremii, de la apari\u0163ia lor, \u00een secolul al XVI-lea \u015fi p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u00eendeplinirea idealului de unire. Iat\u0103 de ce profesorul clujean Ioachim Cr\u0103ciun spunea despre Diaconul Coresi c\u0103 este\u00a0\u201eprimul st\u0103t\u0103tor \u00een pomelnicul ostenitorilor pentru unirea celor trei \u0163\u0103ri rom\u00e2ne \u2013 deoarece \u2013 \u00eenainte de a cuceri Mihai Viteazul, Domnul Munteniei, Transilvania \u015fi Moldova cu sabia, le-a cucerit smeritul Diacon Coresi cu slovele teascurilor sale\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>

A\u015fa cum pentru Chesarie de R\u00e2mnic traducerea c\u0103r\u0163ilor \u00een limba rom\u00e2n\u0103 este un eveniment care se al\u0103tur\u0103 \u015fi care este tot at\u00e2t de important ca \u015fi \u00eentemeierea \u0162\u0103rilor Rom\u00e2ne. \u00cen prefa\u0163a la\u00a0Mineiul pe noiembrie 1778<\/em>, \u00eentr-o adev\u0103rat\u0103 diserta\u0163ie de istorie a rom\u00e2nilor, scria c\u0103:\u00a0\u201eTrei epohase adec\u0103 veacuri \u00eensemnate au avut \u0162ara Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103; un veac au fost \u00eentre carele s-au luptat cu r\u0103zboaie; altul \u00eentre carele s-au \u00eenceput zidirea m\u0103n\u0103stirilor celor domne\u015fti; altul \u00eentre carele s-au \u00eenceput t\u0103lm\u0103cirile c\u0103r\u0163ilor dupre slovene pre limba rom\u00e2neasc\u0103\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>

Pozi\u0163ia geografic\u0103 a acestei zone, relativ central\u0103 \u00een cadrul teritoriului de tranzi\u0163ie, la intersec\u0163ia unor \u00eensemnate artere de mare circula\u0163ie, a facilitat o seam\u0103 de leg\u0103turi cu alte \u0163inuturi ale \u0163\u0103rii, \u00een special cu Moldova.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00cenceputurile<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Cu toate c\u0103 zona superioar\u0103 a V\u0103ii Mure\u015fului, teritoriul care corespunde, \u00een bun\u0103 parte, cu cel al actualului jude\u0163 Mure\u015f, nu mai de\u0163ine nici o publica\u0163ie din secolul al XVI-lea, prezen\u0163a \u015fi circula\u0163ia lor nu poate fi negat\u0103. \u00cen urma marilor ac\u0163iuni (de la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al XIX-lea \u015fi \u00eenceputul secolului XX) de c\u0103utare \u015fi identificare a acestora, o \u00eensemnat\u0103 parte dintre ele au luat drumul marilor biblioteci pentru o mai bun\u0103 p\u0103strare, cercetare \u015fi punere \u00een valoare.<\/p>

Consemn\u0103rile din literatura de specialitate ne conduc la ideea c\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 parte de \u0163ar\u0103 au circulat chiar tip\u0103riturile lui Macarie, despre care profesorul t\u00e2rgumure\u015fean Nicolae Sulic\u0103 scria:\u00a0\u201eDintre cele mai vechi tip\u0103rituri, de provenien\u0163\u0103 rom\u00e2neasc\u0103, g\u0103site \u00een secuime, men\u0163ionez splendidul Evangheliar slavonesc al lui Neagoe Basarab din anul 1512\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>

Alte tip\u0103rituri g\u0103site sunt cele din comuna Voiniceni \u2013\u00a0Evangheliarul<\/em>\u00a0lui Lorin\u0163 din 1579, Cazania \u015fi Molitvelnicul (Bra\u015fov, 1564) -, ca \u015fi cele identificate de Aurel Filimon \u2013 apoi,\u00a0Liturghierul<\/em>\u00a0rom\u00e2nesc al diaconului Coresi din 1570 cu circula\u0163ie \u00een p\u0103r\u0163ile Gheorghienilor \u015fi\u00a0Triodul Penticostar<\/em>, tip\u0103rit tot de Coresi la T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte \u00een 1558. \u00cen anul 1905, Elie C\u00e2mpeanu oferea Bibliotecii Academiei un exemplar din\u00a0Psaltirea slavo-rom\u00e2n\u0103<\/em>\u00a0tip\u0103rit\u0103 de Coresi \u00een 1577.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\u201e\u2026 Dar limbii rom\u00e2ne\u015fti, carte pre limba rom\u00e2neasc\u0103\u201d\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\r\n\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t
<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Carte rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 de \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103tur\u0103 - Ia\u015fi, 1643<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Cartea rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 de \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103tur\u0103\u2026<\/em>, ap\u0103rut\u0103 la Ia\u015fi \u00een 1643, cunoscut\u0103 \u015fi sub denumirea de\u00a0Cazania lui Varlaam<\/em>, r\u0103m\u00e2ne ca unul dintre cele mai str\u0103lucite momente ale afirm\u0103rii culturii rom\u00e2ne\u015fti. Se s\u0103v\u00e2r\u015fea la jum\u0103tatea secolului al XVII-lea de c\u0103tre voievodul Vasile Lupu al Moldovei un act politic \u015fi de cultur\u0103 f\u0103r\u0103 egal, unind sub puterea mirific\u0103 a cuv\u00e2ntului pe to\u0163i rom\u00e2nii.<\/p>

Prin tirajul mare al lucr\u0103rii, prin condi\u0163iile grafice deosebite, dar, mai ales, prin acurate\u0163ea limbii, apropiat\u0103 de cea popular\u0103, cartea s-a impus \u00een foarte scurt timp, av\u00e2nd o circula\u0163ie nemai\u00eent\u00e2lnit\u0103 \u00een toate provinciile rom\u00e2ne\u015fti. Dup\u0103 343 de ani de la apari\u0163ie, aceast\u0103 monumental\u0103 carte a mai fost atestat\u0103 \u00een 17 localit\u0103\u0163i ale jude\u0163ului. Cu filele r\u0103v\u0103\u015fite de citire, purt\u00e2nd amprenta timpului, cu numeroase \u00eensemn\u0103ri marginale, adev\u0103rate cronici de via\u0163\u0103 material\u0103 \u015fi spiritual\u0103, au biruit timpul \u015fi, ast\u0103zi, exemplarele p\u0103strate la Ad\u0103mu\u015f, Corne\u015fti, Cu\u015ftelnic, Dumbrava, G\u0103ne\u015fti, Jabeni\u0163a, Mura Mare, Oroiu, Pog\u0103ceaua, R\u0103zoare, S\u00e2ngeorgiu de C\u00eempie, S\u00e2npetru de C\u00eempie, Solov\u0103stru, \u015eapartoc, Voniceni \u015fi Voevodeni se constituie \u00een documente. Lor li se adaug\u0103 cele \u015fase exemplare existente \u00een fondurile Bibliotecii Jude\u0163ene Mure\u015f.<\/p>

Multe dintre ele au plecat din acest jude\u0163 spre marile biblioteci. Din inventare vechi \u015fi men\u0163iuni bibliografice afl\u0103m c\u0103 aceast\u0103\u00a0\u201ecarte de c\u0103p\u0103t\u00e2i a neamului<\/em>\u201d mai era \u015fi la Culpiu, R\u00e2ciu, S\u00eenmihaiu de C\u00eempie, Papiu Ilarian \u015fi \u00een alte localit\u0103\u0163i. Din lucrarea lui Florian Duda\u015f \u2013\u00a0Cazania lui Varlaam \u00een Transilvania<\/em>\u00a0(Cluj-Napoca, 1983) -, care face o investiga\u0163ie aproape exhaustiv\u0103 privind circula\u0163ia c\u0103r\u0163ii \u00een Transilvania, reiese c\u0103 un num\u0103r de 44 de exemplare din 354 provin ori sunt p\u0103strate \u00een jude\u0163ul Mure\u015f, iar num\u0103rul celor cu circula\u0163ie este \u015fi mai mare. Deosebit de interesante sunt notele privitoare la procurarea c\u0103r\u0163ii.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Afl\u0103m, astfel, c\u0103 pentru aceast\u0103 carte s-au adunat bani \u015fi au fost trimi\u015fi s\u0103tenii de \u00eencredere p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een T\u00e2rgul Sucevii, ori la Ia\u015fi pentru ca s\u0103 fie ob\u0163inut\u0103 ne\u00eent\u00e2rziat. Alteori v\u00e2nzarea-cump\u0103rarea se f\u0103cea \u00eentre localit\u0103\u0163i. Pre\u0163ul de 12-18 florini, c\u00e2t se pl\u0103tea \u00een medie pentru o carte, reprezenta valoarea unei vaci de lapte cu vi\u0163el ori a unei perechi de cai.<\/p>

A\u015fa, de exemplu, la scurt timp dup\u0103 apari\u0163ia c\u0103r\u0163ii, diacul Simion din Bobohalma cump\u0103ra cartea din t\u00e2rg de la H\u00e2rl\u0103u dup\u0103 cum reiese din \u00eensemnarea\u00a0\u201e\u2026 Patrichie din t\u00e2rg din H\u00e2rl\u0103u, de la biserica cea domneasc\u0103 de la curte, facem \u015ftire pe cum am v\u00e2ndut aceast\u0103 Evanghelie drept 7 lei lui Simion diacului ungureanului ce este din Bobohalma, ca s\u0103 n-aib\u0103 vad pe unde va merge\u2026\u201d<\/em>\u00a0Exemplarul de la S\u00e2mpetru de C\u00e2mpie a fost cump\u0103rat din\u00a0\u201eT\u00e2rgul Sucevii\u201d<\/em>\u00a0de la\u00a0\u201eVasile \u015fi Sandu, slugile mitropolitului Gedeon\u201d<\/em>, la anul 1724, iar cel de la Bahnea a fost r\u0103scump\u0103rat de Popa Dumitru de la tat\u0103l s\u0103u, \u00een 1706, care,\u00a0\u201e\u2026c\u00e2nd a murit mi-a l\u0103sat aceast\u0103 carte, P\u0103ucenic, cu limb\u0103 de moarte mi-a l\u0103sat s\u0103-i pl\u0103tesc ce are de l-ar prinde moartea \u015fi s\u0103 fie a mea.\u201d<\/em><\/p>

Larga circula\u0163ie de care se bucur\u0103 aceast\u0103\u00a0\u201ecarte pre limba rom\u00e2neasc\u0103<\/em>\u201d dovede\u015fte interesul popula\u0163iei rom\u00e2ne\u015fti pentru nepre\u0163uitul \u201edar\u201d al limbii rom\u00e2ne, care nu este cu nimic mai prejos dec\u00e2t la alte popoare din Europa. Monumentalitatea lucr\u0103rii rezid\u0103 tocmai \u00een circula\u0163ia sa ne\u00eentrerupt\u0103 timp de secole. Este deci o carte care nu a fost scris\u0103 pentru cet\u0103\u0163i, castele ori conace, ci pentru p\u0103turile de jos, dornice de cunoa\u015ftere \u015fi emancipare.<\/p>

Concomitent cu\u00a0Cartea rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 de \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103tur\u0103<\/em>, o alt\u0103 tip\u0103ritur\u0103 pornea s\u0103 cutreiere satele rom\u00e2ne\u015fti, din cetatea din care cu o jum\u0103tate de secol \u00een urm\u0103 se \u00eemplinea pentru o sclipire voin\u0163a de unire a tuturor rom\u00e2nilor. Este\u00a0Noul Testament<\/em>\u00a0(B\u0103lgrad, 1648), \u00een care Simion \u015etefan f\u0103cea acea sugestiv\u0103 \u015fi cunoscut\u0103 compara\u0163ie a cuvintelor cu banii:\u00a0\u201eBine \u015ftim c\u0103 cuvintele sunt ca banii, c\u0103 banii aceia sunt buni care umbl\u0103 \u00een toate \u0163\u0103rile, a\u015fa \u015fi cuvintele acelea sunt bune carele le \u00een\u0163elegem cu to\u0163ii\u2026\u201d<\/em>\u00a0\u00cendemnurile lui Simion \u015etefan prind r\u0103d\u0103cini \u00een localit\u0103\u0163i ca Ulie\u015f, S\u00e2ngeorgiu de C\u00e2mpie, A\u0163inti\u015f, H\u0103d\u0103reni, Vaidacuta \u015f.a<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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CarteVeche - Evanghelie (Snagov) 1697<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Tot de la jum\u0103tatea secolului al XVII-lea,\u00a0\u00cendreptarea legii<\/em>\u00a0(T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte, 1652) este prezent\u0103 la L\u0103scud, proprietate consemnat\u0103 printr-o \u00eensemnare de la 1761:\u00a0\u201eAceast\u0103 Pravil\u0103 este a Popii P\u0103tru din L\u0103scud cump\u0103rat\u0103 pe bani buni 50 de florin\u0163i \u015fi 40 de bani\u2026\u201d<\/em>\u00a0Evanghelia \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103toare de la Dealu (1644), traducere a lui Udri\u015fte N\u0103sturel, a fost identificat\u0103 \u00een localitatea Dane\u015f, exemplar care poart\u0103 \u00eensemn\u0103ri din timpul lui Matei Basarab.<\/p>

Sunt c\u0103r\u0163i pe care le g\u0103sim \u00een acest spa\u0163iu \u00eenc\u0103 de la apari\u0163ia lor, care nu au cunoscut grani\u0163e \u015fi bariere, c\u0103r\u0163i f\u0103r\u0103 precedent \u00een cultivarea limbii rom\u00e2ne \u015fi care ne uneau pe to\u0163i la izvoarele acelora\u015fi origini.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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CarteVeche-Minei (R\u00e2mnic), 1779<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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\r\n\t\t\t\t\tMomente culminante \u00een activitatea de tip\u0103rire \u015fi circula\u0163ie a c\u0103r\u0163ii\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\r\n\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t
<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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CarteVeche - Evanghelie Bucuresti, 1742<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Cu toate c\u0103 o parte a popula\u0163iei din jude\u0163ul Mure\u015f a aderat la unirea bisericeasc\u0103 cu Roma, sub aspectul circula\u0163iei c\u0103r\u0163ilor nu se produc schimb\u0103ri, ritualul r\u0103m\u00e2n\u00e2nd acela\u015fi, \u00een care scop se folosesc \u00een continuare tip\u0103riturile din \u0162\u0103rile Rom\u00e2ne. Mai mult dec\u00e2t at\u00e2t, tipografiile din Ia\u015fi, Bucure\u015fti, Snagov, R\u00e2mnic \u015fi Buz\u0103u \u00ee\u015fi sporesc tirajele, pentru a transmite exemplare fra\u0163ilor din Transilvania.<\/p>

\u00cen cadrul leg\u0103turilor culturale ale \u0162\u0103rii Rom\u00e2ne\u015fti cu Transilvania, Constantin Br\u00e2ncoveanu \u00eel trimite pe Mihai \u015etefan (Istvanovici) la B\u0103lgrad, unde tip\u0103re\u015fte, \u00een anul 1699, Bucoavna \u015fi Chiriacodromionul.<\/p>

\u00centre tip\u0103riturile venite de peste mun\u0163i, men\u0163ion\u0103m existen\u0163a \u00eenc\u0103 \u015fi acum \u00een diverse localit\u0103\u0163i a unor exemplare din Apostol (Snagov, 1697) la Abu\u015f \u015fi Bezidul Nou, din Antologhion (R\u00e2mnic, 1705) la Dumbrava, Filpi\u015fu Mic, R\u00e2pa de Jos \u015fi Valea, din Octoih (T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte, 1712) la \u015e\u0103ulia de C\u00e2mpie \u015fi S\u00e2ntandrei, din Liturghier (T\u00e2rgovi\u015fte, 1713) la Jabeni\u0163a, din Evanghelie (Bucure\u015fti, 1723) la Ad\u0103mu\u015f, Aluni\u015f, Cip\u0103u, Cuci, Deag, Grindeni, Oroi \u015fi S\u0103lcud, din Triod (Bucure\u015fti, 1726) la Band, D\u0103t\u0103\u015feni, Lasl\u0103u Mare, Sardu Nirajului, din Chiriacodromion (Bucure\u015fti, 1732) la B\u0103la, C\u0103pu\u015fu de C\u00e2mpie, Cip\u0103u, Ogra \u015fi Ungheni, din Triod (R\u00e2mnic, 1835) la Moi\u015fa, Mihe\u015fu de C\u00e2mpie, S\u00e2npaul \u015fi S\u00e2npetru de C\u00e2mpie, din Antologhion (R\u00e2mnic, 1737) la Corne\u015fti, Deleni, Ludu\u015f, Nade\u015f, \u015e\u0103ulia \u015fi Valea Larg\u0103.<\/p>

Pentru perioada 1681-1750, am f\u0103cut o reconstituire a prezen\u0163ei c\u0103r\u0163ilor cu circula\u0163ie \u00een jude\u0163 pe baza unor inventare vechi de parohii, cataloage cu \u00eensemn\u0103ri \u015fi studii. Astfel am dedus cre\u015fterea decadal\u0103 a num\u0103rului de c\u0103r\u0163i cu circula\u0163ie aici de la 3 (1681-1690) la 97 (1721-1750).<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Dup\u0103 o statistic\u0103 incomplet\u0103 a acestor bunuri de patrimoniu prezente \u015fi cu circula\u0163ie, num\u0103rul c\u0103r\u0163ilor existente, din aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, dep\u0103\u015fe\u015fte 400 de exemplare.<\/p>

Ulterior, prin instituirea tipografiei din Blaj, ca \u015fi datorit\u0103 Rescriptelor \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103te\u015fti din 1746-1747, prin care se interzice orice import de c\u0103r\u0163i din Principate, num\u0103rul c\u0103r\u0163ilor care p\u0103trund \u00een Transilvania scade sim\u0163itor \u00een urm\u0103toarele decenii, pentru ca, apoi, s\u0103 creasc\u0103 spre sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului.<\/p>

Cu toate m\u0103surile vamale de confiscare a c\u0103r\u0163ilor rom\u00e2ne\u015fti, ele continu\u0103 s\u0103 soseasc\u0103 pe diverse c\u0103i.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\r\n\t\t\t\t\tCartea rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 \u00een perioada afirm\u0103rii tiparului bl\u0103jean\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\r\n\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t
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CarteVeche - Evanghelie (Snagov) 1697<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Spiritul \u00eennoitor propagat de Inocen\u0163iu Micu-Klein prinde r\u0103d\u0103cini \u00een timpul lui Petru Pavel Aron, la Blaj, care avea s\u0103 devin\u0103 cel mai important centru cultural rom\u00e2nesc al Transilvaniei. Din tipografia \u00eenfiin\u0163at\u0103 aici \u00een 1750 vor continua s\u0103 plece c\u0103r\u0163i rom\u00e2ne\u015fti nu numai \u00een Transilvania, ci \u015fi \u00een Moldova \u015fi \u00een \u0162ara Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103.<\/p>

\u00cen timp foarte scurt, localit\u0103\u0163ile de pe teritoriul actualului jude\u0163 Mure\u015f devin posesoare a tot mai numeroase c\u0103r\u0163i rom\u00e2ne\u015fti tip\u0103rite la Blaj. Dup\u0103 evalu\u0103ri incomplete, rezult\u0103 c\u0103 exemplare din Strastnic, 1753, se mai p\u0103streaz\u0103 \u00een 23 de localit\u0103\u0163i; Octoih, 1760, \u00een 11 localit\u0103\u0163i; Apostol, 1767, \u00een 5 localit\u0103\u0163i; Penticostar, 1768, \u00een 37 de localit\u0103\u0163i \u015fi Triod, 1771, \u00een 28 de localit\u0103\u0163i. Cu toat\u0103 intensificarea activit\u0103\u0163ii tipografiei din Blaj \u015fi \u00een ciuda interdic\u0163iilor impuse de autorit\u0103\u0163i privind importul de c\u0103r\u0163i, \u00een deceniile urm\u0103toare continu\u0103 s\u0103 circule aici cartea din Principatele Rom\u00e2ne, \u00een special cele tip\u0103rite la Bucure\u015fti \u015fi R\u00e2mnic (motiv pentru care sunt reactualizate decretele \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103te\u015fti din 1748-1749).<\/p>

Dintre tip\u0103riturile ap\u0103rute la Bucure\u015fti men\u0163ion\u0103m exemplare din Evanghelier (1760) la A\u0163inti\u015f, Bernadea, Cu\u015ftelnic, G\u0103ne\u015fti, H\u0103rdeni, Lunca, Lunca Bradului, Mo\u015funi, Suplac, Suseni \u015fi Urisiu de Jos; Antologhion (1766) la Chimitelnic, Deda \u015fi Maiore\u015fti; Cazania (1768), 24 de exempare, unele dintre ele \u00een localit\u0103\u0163ile Cerghid, Hodac, Lasl\u0103u Mare, S\u00eeniacob, Valea Izvoarelor; Penticostar (1768) la Beica de Sus, Berghia, Dumbrava, Mor\u0103reni, Porumbeni, R\u0103zoare, V\u00e2n\u0103tori etc. Numeroase sunt c\u0103r\u0163ile tip\u0103rite la R\u00e2mnic, pre\u0163ioase nu numai pentru valoarea lor lingvistic\u0103, ci \u015fi pentru minunatele lor prefe\u0163e, bogate \u00een cuno\u015ftin\u0163e istorice \u015fi culturale, \u00eentre care se disting Mineele.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a0<\/p>

Men\u0163ion\u0103m c\u00e2teva titluri cu circula\u0163ie mai mare; Antologhion (1752) la Teleac, S\u00e2npetru de C\u00e2mpie, Socolu de C\u00e2mpie; Triod (1761) la Cu\u015ftelnic, Band, Grindeni, Icl\u0103nzel, Lechin\u0163a \u015fi Ludu\u015f; Antologhion (1766) la Aluni\u015f, A\u0163inti\u015f, Bahnea, Che\u0163ani, Deda, Deaj, Glodei, M\u0103d\u0103ra\u015f, Mo\u015funi, Nade\u015f, R\u0103stoli\u0163a, S\u00e2ncrai, S\u00e2ntana, S\u00e2npaul, Urisiu de Sus \u015fi Voiniceni; Penticostar (1767) la A\u0163inti\u015f, Berghia, Chimitelnic, Glodeni, Grindeni, Idicel, Suplac, S\u00e2martinul de C\u00e2mpie, S\u00e2npetrul de C\u00e2mpie \u015fi Valea Larg\u0103; Mineiul pe luna noiembrie (1778) la Saschiz \u015f.a. Num\u0103rul tip\u0103riturilor de la Ia\u015fi este mai mic. \u00cent\u00e2lnim Antologhionul (1755) la S\u00e2ntu, Evanghelia (1762) la Glodeni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\r\n\t\t\t\t\tCartea \u015fi cultura \u00een epoca luminilor\t\t\t\t<\/h1>\r\n\t\r\n \t\t\t\t\t
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CarteVeche - Elementa Linguae Daco-Romanae Save Valachicae, Samuel Micu, 1780.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului al XVIII-lea marcheaz\u0103 profunde transform\u0103ri pe plan economic, politic, social \u015fi cultural \u00een Transilvania. Revolu\u0163ia popular\u0103 din 1784, condus\u0103 de Horia, Clo\u015fca \u015fi Cri\u015fan, are profunde implica\u0163ii \u015fi urm\u0103ri \u015fi \u00een localit\u0103\u0163ile din valea superioar\u0103 a Mure\u015fului. Se ridic\u0103 o \u00eentreag\u0103 pleiad\u0103 de c\u0103rturari \u00eentre care Samuil Micu-Klein, Gheorghe \u015eincai, Petru Maior, Ion Budai-Deleanu, Ioan Piuariu-Molnar, Iosif Mehe\u015fi \u015f.a.<\/p>

Dac\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la aceast\u0103 dat\u0103 literatura tip\u0103rit\u0103 era de factur\u0103 religioas\u0103, acum \u00eencep s\u0103 apar\u0103 lucr\u0103ri lingvistice, istorice, manuale, dic\u0163ionare, filozofice, de drept, \u015ftiin\u0163ifice, traduceri ori prelucr\u0103ri din literatura universal\u0103. Interesul pentru cartea rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 devine aici din ce \u00een ce mai mare \u015fi datorit\u0103 dezvolt\u0103rii impetuoase a \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103m\u00e2ntului. Numai \u00een scaunul Mure\u015fului existau \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een anul 1778, dup\u0103 cum rezult\u0103 dintr-o conscrip\u0163ie, 39 de \u015fcoli, dintre care 16 ortodoxe \u015fi 23 unite. Num\u0103rul lor se ridic\u0103 \u00een perioada iozefinist\u0103 la 72.<\/p>

Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103m\u00e2ntul organizat, confesional sau de stat, frunta\u015fii rom\u00e2ni, intelectualii puneau \u00eentreaga lor capacitate de munc\u0103 \u00een slujba lumin\u0103rii poporului, \u00eentrept\u00e2ndu-\u015fi aten\u0163ia spre p\u0103turile de jos. Deosebit de semnificativ este exemplul lui Petru Maior care, mai ales \u00een cei 25 de ani c\u00e2t a fost paroh al Reghinului \u015fi protopop al Gurghiului, s-a preocupat intens de ini\u0163ierea celor care nu \u015ftiau s\u0103 scrie \u015fi s\u0103 citeasc\u0103.<\/p>

Tot \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, un mare av\u00e2nt \u00eel iau bibliotecile, constituite at\u00e2t \u00een colec\u0163ii particulare, c\u00e2t \u015fi \u015fcolare. Ora\u015ful T\u00e2rgu-Mure\u015f va g\u0103zdui o mare bibliotec\u0103 de cultur\u0103 european\u0103 prin grija \u015fi str\u0103dania cancelarului Samuil Teleki, de aici neput\u00e2nd s\u0103 lipseasc\u0103 unele lucr\u0103ri rom\u00e2ne\u015fti.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00centre ele se num\u0103r\u0103 lucr\u0103rile lui N.A.Mavrocordat,\u00a0Despre datorii<\/em>\u00a0(Lipsca, 1722); Dimitrie Cantemir,\u00a0Descrierea Moldovei,<\/em>\u00a0(Frankfurt \u015fi Leipzig, 1711); Dimitrie Cantemir,\u00a0Istoria Imperiului Otoman<\/em>, vol.1-2 (Paris, 1743); Molnar Johann,\u00a0Deutsche Walachische Sprachlere<\/em>\u00a0(Viena, 1778);\u00a0Peti\u0163ia rom\u00e2nilor din Transilvania<\/em>\u00a0cu note istorice critice de J.C.Eder (Cluj, 1791);\u00a0Biblia de la Blaj<\/em>\u00a0(1795); \u015eincai Georgiu,\u00a0Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae<\/em>\u00a0(Buda, 1805) \u015f.a.<\/p>

Interesul mai mare pentru c\u0103r\u0163i rom\u00e2ne\u015fti este manifestat din partea bibliotecii Colegiului Reformat din T\u00e2rgu-Mure\u015f. Lipsa unor \u015fcoli cu predare \u00een limba rom\u00e2n\u0103 \u00eei determin\u0103 pe mul\u0163i rom\u00e2ni s\u0103-\u015fi trimit\u0103 copiii la \u015fcoli confesionale catolice ori reformate, cum este cazul lui Gheorghe \u015eincai, care devine elev al acestui colegiu.<\/p>

Nu \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103tor, atunci c\u00e2nd sunt scoase la licita\u0163ie c\u0103r\u0163ile din biblioteca lui Koleseri Samuel, o bun\u0103 parte din ele vor fi achizi\u0163ionate de aceast\u0103 bibliotec\u0103. \u015ei bibliotecile din m\u0103n\u0103stirile catolice dispuneau de c\u0103r\u0163i rom\u00e2ne\u015fti. Cunoscuta m\u0103n\u0103stire a franciscanilor de la C\u0103lug\u0103reni (pe valea Nirajului), care poseda o frumoas\u0103 bibliotec\u0103 cu profil dogmatic, avea, \u00eentre altele, \u015fi Ioannes Damascenus,\u00a0Opera philosophica et teologica\u00a0<\/em>(Blaj, 1763) \u015fi Samuil Micu-Klein,\u00a0Acatist<\/em>\u00a0(Sibiu, 1891).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00cen localit\u0103\u0163ile din jude\u0163 se mai p\u0103streaz\u0103 \u015fi ast\u0103zi lucr\u0103rile lui Samuil Micu-Klein,\u00a0Propovedanii\u2026 la \u00eengrop\u0103ciunea oamenilor mor<\/em>\u0163i (Blaj, 1784) la Adrian \u015fi Daia;\u00a0Teologhia moraliceasc\u0103<\/em>\u00a0(Blaj, 1796) la Glodeni, Dumbrava, Mil\u0103\u015fel, R\u0103zoare, Voivodeni; Petru Maior,\u00a0Propovedanii\u2026 \u015fi Didahii\u2026<\/em>\u00a0(Buda, 1809) la Chimtelnic, Corne\u015fti, Subp\u0103dure, Suseni \u015fi Ungheni;\u00a0Predici<\/em>\u00a0(Buda, 1810-1811) la C\u0103pu\u015f, Che\u0163ani, Lasl\u0103u Mare, Petelea \u015fi Bozed.<\/p>

Lucrarea cea mai important\u0103 \u015fi de mare circula\u0163ie din aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne\u00a0Istoria pentru \u00eenceputul rom\u00e2nilor \u00een Dachia\u00a0<\/em>a lui Petru Maior, ap\u0103rut\u0103 la Buda (1812 \u015fi 1834), lucrare care, la fel ca cele ale lui Samuil Micu \u015fi Gheorghe \u015eincai, are la baz\u0103 fundamentarea \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 a istoriei rom\u00e2nilor.<\/p>

Ap\u0103rut\u0103 \u00een mari tiraje, Istoria lui Petru Maior ajunge \u00een numeroase biblioteci \u015fi institu\u0163ii. Din exemplarul p\u0103strat la Biblioteca Municipal\u0103 \u201ePetru Maior\u201d din Reghin afl\u0103m c\u0103 acesta a fost donat de Ion Pop Maior, nepotul marelui c\u0103rturar, pe seama \u015fcolii din Uifal\u0103u (Lunca).<\/p>

Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 numeroasele c\u0103r\u0163i, s-au bucurat de circula\u0163ie \u015fi calendarele care atr\u0103geau prin actualitatea lor, dar \u015fi prin lecturi scurte, istorioare, partea calendaristic\u0103 \u015fi administrativ\u0103. Ele au avut circula\u0163ie \u00een familie, motiv pentru care sunt destul de rare. Nu de mult a fost descoperit pe Valea Gurghiului, \u00een localitatea Ca\u015fva,\u00a0Calendarul pe anul 1830\u00a0<\/em>(Buda) al lui \u015etefan Neagoe, exemplar incomplet, valoros datorit\u0103 rarit\u0103\u0163ii lui.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Biblioteca Jude\u021bean\u0103 Mure\u0219 – Cartea veche rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 Cartea Veche – Apostolul Bucuresti 1683 Dimitrie Popt\u0103ma\u015f Az oldal ford\u00edt\u00e1sa folyamatban\u00a0van Pentru a reconstitui via\u0163a spiritual\u0103 a popula\u0163iei din jude\u0163ul Mure\u015f, prezen\u0163a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":836,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3548","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCartea veche rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 - Biblioteca Jude\u021bean\u0103 Mure\u0219<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bjmures.ro\/colectii-biblioteca-judeteana-mures\/cartea-veche-romaneasca\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hu_HU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cartea veche rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 - 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